Gold Silver Ireland Coin Irish War 1921 II 2021 I St Paddys Day World Green Gift • £5.99 (2024)

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Seller: anddownthewaterfall ✉️ (33,715) 99.8%, Location: Manchester, Take a Look at My Other Items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 315290067332 Gold Silver Ireland Coin Irish War 1921 II 2021 I St Paddys Day World Green Gift. IRELAND 100 Years of Independance 1921 - 1920 Silver & Gold Plated Coin in the Shape of Ireland to Commemorate 100 Years of Irish Independance The Map has the irish colours Green, White Silver and Orange Gold with Loch Neagh Silver in the Gold Section It has the Gaelic words "Tiocfaidh ar la" which translates to "Our Day Will Come" which was a slogan for Irish Independance It also has the 100 years of Irish Independence Logo The back has the Proclamtion of Ireland from 1916 in Gaelic it also has the colours of the Irish Flag and Faces of the Heros of the Irish Revolution War It is 70mm across from the West of Cork to the North of Antrim and weights approx 27 grams or 1 ounce Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake to an Amazing Country that gained independance 100 years ago In Excellent Condition Starting at a Penny...With No Reserve..If your the only bidder you win it for 1p....Grab a Bargain!!!! I have a lot of Coins on Ebay so Check out my other items ! Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback Check out my other items ! All Payment Methods in All Major Currencies Accepted. Be sure to add me to your favourites list ! All Items Dispatched within 24 hours of Receiving Payment . Thanks for Looking and Best of Luck with the Bidding!! I have sold items to coutries such as Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL) * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL) * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * 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Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL) * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL) * Sint Maarten (NL) * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe and major cities such as Tokyo, Yokohama, New York City, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Mexico City, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Manila, Mumbai, Delhi, Jakarta, Lagos, Kolkata, Cairo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Moscow, Shanghai, Karachi, Paris, Istanbul, Nagoya, Beijing, Chicago, London, Shenzhen, Essen, Düsseldorf, Tehran, Bogota, Lima, Bangkok, Johannesburg, East Rand, Chennai, Taipei, Baghdad, Santiago, Bangalore, Hyderabad, St Petersburg, Philadelphia, Lahore, Kinshasa, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Madrid, Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, f*ckuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra The War of Independence 1919 – 1921 At their first sitting in Dáil Éireann in Dublin, 21st January 1919, Sinn Féin: decided that Ireland was to be independent adopted a Democratic Programme sent delegates to the Peace Talks at Versailles decided that the Irish Republic Brotherhood volunteer force would become the Irish Republican Army (IRA) On the same day: volunteers attacked a police station in Cork and and stole their weapons a group of Tipperary Volunteers ambushed the barracks of the Royal Irish Constabulary and killed two men The War of Independence had begun. Irish actions during the war Michael Collins, the Irish Nationalist leader, had a spy network which meant that he knew what the British were up to in the towns anyway. His 'Squad' of assassins eliminated anyone that Collins considered a threat. In May 1921, the IRA attacked and burned the Customs House in Dublin. Attacking in 'Flying Columns' they ambushed the British and then disappeared into the countryside before the British could react. British Response The British sent in 'The Black and Tans' (a force of temporary special constables recruited to assist the Royal Irish Constabulary) in an attempt to put pressure on the IRA. They burnt down and decimated Cork City, Limerick and Balbriggan. In response to the killing of British intelligence agents in 1920, the 'Tans' killed 12 people and wounded 60 when they opened fire on a crowd watching a Gaelic Football match in Croke Park, an event that became known as 'Bloody Sunday'. Later a group called 'The Auxiliaries', made up of army officers strengthened them. In Britain, public opinion was critical of the Government over the conduct of their forces. On 11th July 1921 a truce between the Government and Sinn Féin came into effect to allow ceasefire talks to take place. Consequences of the Independence Wars Roughly 3500 arrested and imprisoned, many of whom were innocent. A ceasefire was agreed and it came into effect on 11 July, 1921. The British public were horrified by the behaviour of their forces in Ireland and they put pressure on the government to back down and end the conflict. Talks to find a solution began in Downing Street in October 1921 which resulted in the first settlement between Britain and Ireland - the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Saint Patrick's Day A stained glass window depicts Saint Patrick dressed in a green robe with a halo about his head, holding a sham rock in his right hand and a staff in his left. Saint Patrick depicted in a stained-glass window at Saint Benin's Church, Ireland Official name Saint Patrick's Day Also called Feast of Saint Patrick Lá Fhéile Pádraig Patrick's Day (St) Paddy's Day (St) Patty's Day (Chiefly North America; considered incorrect by the Irish)[1][2][3][4] Observed by Irish people and people of Irish descent Catholic Church (see calendar) Anglican Communion (see calendars) Eastern Orthodox Church (see calendar) Lutheran Church (see calendar) Type Ethnic, national, Christian Significance Feast day of Saint Patrick, commemoration of the arrival of Christianity in Ireland[5] Celebrations Attending parades Attending céilithe Wearing shamrocks Wearing green Drinking Irish beer Drinking Irish whiskey Observances Attending mass or service Date 17 March Next time 17 March 2021 Frequency Annual Saint Patrick's Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick (Irish: Lá Fhéile Pádraig, lit. 'the Day of the Festival of Patrick'), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick (c. 385 – c. 461), the foremost patron saint of Ireland. Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland),[6] the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland,[5] and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general.[7] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilís, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[8] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services[7][9] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption.[7][8][10][11] Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland,[12] Northern Ireland,[13] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat. It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom,[14] Canada, United States, Brazil, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand, especially amongst Irish diaspora. Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival.[15] Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people.[16] Saint Patrick Main article: Saint Patrick Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration, which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland.[17] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he "found God". The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted "thousands". Patrick's efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove "snakes" out of Ireland, despite the fact that snakes were not known to inhabit the region. Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick. Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland's foremost saint. Celebration and traditions Traditional St Patrick's Day badges from the early 20th century, Museum of Country Life in County Mayo According to legend, Saint Patrick used the three-leaved shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity to Irish pagans. Today's Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been greatly influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora, especially in North America. Until the late 20th century, Saint Patrick's Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland.[15] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions (céilithe), and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[8] There are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. Saint Patrick's Day parades began in North America in the 18th century but did not spread to Ireland until the 20th century.[18] The participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations, voluntary associations, youth groups, fraternities, and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become more akin to a carnival. More effort is made to use the Irish language, especially in Ireland, where the week of Saint Patrick's Day is "Irish language week". Since 2010, famous landmarks have been lit up in green on Saint Patrick's Day as part of Tourism Ireland's "Global Greening Initiative" or "Going Green for St Patrick´s Day".[19][20] The Sydney Opera House and the Sky Tower in Auckland were the first landmarks to participate and since then over 300 landmarks in fifty countries across the globe have gone green for Saint Patricks day.[21][22] Christians may also attend church services,[7][9] and the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol are lifted for the day. Perhaps because of this, drinking alcohol – particularly Irish whiskey, beer, or cider – has become an integral part of the celebrations.[7][8][10][11] The Saint Patrick's Day custom of "drowning the shamrock" or "wetting the shamrock" was historically popular, especially in Ireland. At the end of the celebrations, a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup, which is then filled with whiskey, beer, or cider. It is then drunk as a toast to Saint Patrick, Ireland, or those present. The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck.[23][24][25] Irish Government Ministers travel abroad on official visits to various countries around the globe to celebrate Saint Patrick's Day and promote Ireland.[26][27] The most prominent of these is the visit of the Irish Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) with the U.S. President which happens on or around Saint Patrick's Day.[28][29] Traditionally the Taoiseach presents the U.S. President a Waterford Crystal bowl filled with shamrocks.[30] This tradition began when in 1952, Irish Ambassador to the U.S. John Hearne sent a box of shamrocks to President Harry S. Truman. From then on it became an annual tradition of the Irish ambassador to the U.S. to present the Saint Patrick's Day shamrock to an official in the U.S. President's administration, although on some occasions the shamrock presentation was made by the Irish Taoiseach or Irish President to the U.S. President personally in Washington, such as when President Dwight D. Eisenhower met Taoiseach John A. Costello in 1956 and President Seán T. O'Kelly in 1959 or when President Ronald Reagan met Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald in 1986 and Taoiseach Charles J. Haughey in 1987.[28][30] However it was only after the meeting between Taoiseach Albert Reynolds and President Bill Clinton in 1994 that the presenting of the shamrock ceremony became an annual event for the leaders of both countries for Saint Patrick's Day.[28][31] The Shamrock ceremony was cancelled in 2020 due to the severity of the pandemic.[32][33] Wearing green Women wearing green in London On Saint Patrick's Day, it is customary to wear shamrocks, green clothing or green accessories. Saint Patrick is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the Holy Trinity to the pagan Irish.[34][35] This story first appears in writing in 1726, though it may be older. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many triple deities, a fact that may have aided St Patrick in his evangelisation efforts.[36][37] Patricia Monaghan says there is no evidence that the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish.[36] However, Jack Santino speculates that it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian context — icons of St Patrick often depict the saint "with a cross in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other".[38] Roger Homan writes, "We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the triskele when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity".[39] The first association of the colour green with Ireland is from the 11th century pseudo-historical book Lebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of the Taking of Ireland), which forms part of the Mythological Cycle in Irish Mythology and describes the story of Goídel Glas who is credited as the eponymous ancestor of the Gaels and creator of the Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx).[40][41] In the story Goídel Glas, who was the son of Scota and Niul, was bitten by a snake and was saved from death by Moses placing his staff on the snakebite. As a reminder of the incident he would retain a green mark that would stay with him and he would lead his people to a land that would be free of snakes.[42] This is emphasized in his name Goídel which was anglicised to the word Gaelic and Glas which is the Irish word for green.[40][41] Another story from the Lebor Gabála Érenn written after the adventures of Goídel Glas refers to Íth climbing the tower (in reference to the Tower of Hercules) his father Breogán builds in Brigantia (modern day Corunna in Galicia, Spain) on a winters day and is so captivated by the sight of a beautiful green island in the distance that he must set sail immediately. This story also introduces three national personifications of Ireland, Banba, Fódla and Ériu.[40][41][42] The colour green was further associated with Ireland from the 1640s, when the green harp flag was used by the Irish Catholic Confederation. Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on St Patrick's Day since at least the 1680s.[43] The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick, an Irish fraternity founded in about 1750,[44] adopted green as its colour.[45] However, when the Order of St. Patrick—an Anglo-Irish chivalric order—was founded in 1783 it adopted blue as its colour, which led to blue being associated with St Patrick. During the 1790s, green would become associated with Irish nationalism, due to its use by the United Irishmen. This was a republican organisation—led mostly by Protestants but with many Catholic members—who launched a rebellion in 1798 against British rule. The phrase "wearing of the green" comes from a song of the same name, which laments United Irishmen supporters being persecuted for wearing green. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have seen the re-emergence of Irish cultural symbols, such as the Irish Language, Irish mythology, and the colour green, through the Gaelic Revival and the Irish Literary Revival which served to stir Irish nationalist sentiment. The influence of green was more prominently observable in the flags of the 1916 Easter Rising such as the Sunburst flag, the Starry Plough Banner, and the Proclamation Flag of the Irish Republic which was flown over the General Post Office, Dublin together with the Irish Tricolour. Throughout these centuries, the colour green and its association with St Patrick's Day grew.[46] The wearing of the 'St Patrick's Day Cross' was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early 20th century. These were a Celtic Christian cross made of paper that was "covered with silk or ribbon of different colours, and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre".[47] Celebrations by region Ireland A St Patrick's Day parade in Dublin Dublin's General Post Office and the Spire on O'Connell Street on St. Patrick's Day Saint Patrick's feast day, as a kind of national day, was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. In later times, he became more and more widely seen as the patron of Ireland.[48] Saint Patrick's feast day was finally placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the Catholic Church due to the influence of Waterford-born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding[49] in the early 1600s. Saint Patrick's Day thus became a holy day of obligation for Roman Catholics in Ireland. It is also a feast day in the Church of Ireland, which is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The church calendar avoids the observance of saints' feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint's day to a time outside those periods. St Patrick's Day is occasionally affected by this requirement, when 17 March falls during Holy Week. This happened in 1940, when Saint Patrick's Day was observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with Palm Sunday, and again in 2008, where it was officially observed on 15 March.[50] St Patrick's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160.[51][52] However, the popular festivities may still be held on 17 March or on a weekend near to the feast day. In 1903, St Patrick's Day became an official public holiday in Ireland. This was thanks to the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act 1903, an act of the United Kingdom Parliament introduced by Irish Member of Parliament James O'Mara.[53] O'Mara later introduced the law which required that public houses be shut on 17 March after drinking got out of hand, a provision that was repealed in the 1970s. The first St Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. The week of St Patrick's Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the Gaelic League and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March. The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation, the Trades Hall, the various trade unions and bands who included the 'Barrack St Band' and the 'Thomas Francis Meagher Band'.[54] The parade began at the premises of the Gaelic League in George's St and finished in the Peoples Park, where the public were addressed by the Mayor and other dignitaries.[55][56] On Tuesday 17 March, most Waterford businesses—including public houses—were closed and marching bands paraded as they had two days previously.[57] The Waterford Trades Hall had been emphatic that the National Holiday be observed.[55] On St Patrick's Day 1916, the Irish Volunteers—an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation—held parades throughout Ireland. The authorities recorded 38 St Patrick's Day parades, involving 6,000 marchers, almost half of whom were said to be armed.[58] The following month, the Irish Volunteers launched the Easter Rising against British rule. This marked the beginning of the Irish revolutionary period and led to the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. During this time, St Patrick's Day celebrations in Ireland were muted, although the day was sometimes chosen to hold large political rallies.[59] The celebrations remained low-key after the creation of the Irish Free State; the only state-organized observance was a military procession and trooping of the colours, and an Irish-language mass attended by government ministers.[60] In 1927, the Irish Free State government banned the selling of alcohol on St Patrick's Day, although it remained legal in Northern Ireland. The ban was not repealed until 1961.[61] The first official, state-sponsored St Patrick's Day parade in Dublin took place in 1931.[62] On two occasions, parades across the Republic of Ireland have been cancelled from taking place on St Patrick's Day, with both years involving health and safety reasons.[63][64] In 2001, as a precaution to the foot-and-mouth outbreak, St Patrick's Day celebrations were postponed to May[65][66][67] and in 2020, as a consequence to the severity of the pandemic, the St Patrick's Day Parade was cancelled outright.[68][69][70] A St Patrick's Day religious procession in Downpatrick, where Saint Patrick is said to be buried In Northern Ireland, the celebration of St Patrick's Day was affected by sectarian divisions.[71] A majority of the population were Protestant Ulster unionists who saw themselves as British, while a substantial minority were Catholic Irish nationalists who saw themselves as Irish. Although it was a public holiday, Northern Ireland's unionist government did not officially observe St Patrick's Day.[71] During the conflict known as the Troubles (late 1960s–late 1990s), public St Patrick's Day celebrations were rare and tended to be associated with the Catholic community.[71] In 1976, loyalists detonated a car bomb outside a pub crowded with Catholics celebrating St Patrick's Day in Dungannon; four civilians were killed and many injured. However, some Protestant unionists attempted to 're-claim' the festival, and in 1985 the Orange Order held its own St Patrick's Day parade.[71] Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick's Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland, which have attracted thousands of spectators.[71] In the mid-1990s the government of the Republic of Ireland began a campaign to use St Patrick's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture.[72] The government set up a group called St Patrick's Festival, with the aims: To offer a national festival that ranks amongst all of the greatest celebrations in the world To create energy and excitement throughout Ireland via innovation, creativity, grassroots involvement, and marketing activity To provide the opportunity and motivation for people of Irish descent (and those who sometimes wish they were Irish) to attend and join in the imaginative and expressive celebrations To project, internationally, an accurate image of Ireland as a creative, professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal.[73] The first St Patrick's Festival was held on 17 March 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2000 it was a four-day event. By 2006, the festival was five days long; more than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade. Overall 2009's five-day festival saw almost 1 million visitors, who took part in festivities that included concerts, outdoor theatre performances, and fireworks.[74] The Skyfest which ran from 2006 to 2012 formed the centrepiece of the St Patrick's festival.[75][76] The topic of the 2004 St Patrick's Symposium was "Talking Irish", during which the nature of Irish identity, economic success, and the future were discussed. Since 1996, there has been a greater emphasis on celebrating and projecting a fluid and inclusive notion of "Irishness" rather than an identity based around traditional religious or ethnic allegiance. The week around St Patrick's Day usually involves Irish language speakers using more Irish during Seachtain na Gaeilge ("Irish Language Week").[77] Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of St Patrick's Day. In The Word magazine's March 2007 issue, Fr Vincent Twomey wrote, "It is time to reclaim St Patrick's Day as a church festival". He questioned the need for "mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry" and concluded that "it is time to bring the piety and the fun together".[78] As well as Dublin, many other cities, towns, and villages in Ireland hold their own parades and festivals, including Cork, Belfast, Derry, Galway, Kilkenny, Limerick, and Waterford. The biggest celebrations outside the cities are in Downpatrick, County Down, where Saint Patrick is said to be buried. The shortest St. Patrick's Day parade in the world formerly took place in Dripsey, County Cork. The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village's two pubs. The annual event began in 1999, but ceased after five years when one of the two pubs closed.[79] Elsewhere in Europe England Saint Patrick's Day celebration at Trafalgar Square in London, 2006 In England, the British Royals traditionally present bowls of shamrock to members of the Irish Guards, a regiment in the British Army, following Queen Alexandra introducing the tradition in 1901.[80][81] Since 2012 the duch*ess of Cambridge has presented the bowls of shamrock to the Irish Guards. While female royals are often tasked with presenting the bowls of shamrock, male royals have also undertaking the role, such as King George VI in 1950 to mark the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Irish Guards, and in 2016 the Duke of Cambridge in place of his wife.[82][83] Fresh Shamrocks are presented to the Irish Guards, regardless of where they are stationed, and are flown in from Ireland.[84] While some Saint Patrick's Day celebrations could be conducted openly in Britain pre 1960s, this would change following the commencement by the IRA's bombing campaign on mainland Britain and as a consequence this resulted in a suspicion of all things Irish and those who supported them which led to people of Irish descent wearing a sprig of shamrock on Saint Patrick's day in private or attending specific events.[85] Today after many years following the Good Friday Agreement, people of Irish descent openly wear a sprig of shamrock to celebrate their Irishness.[85] Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his feast day include The Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.[86] Birmingham holds the largest Saint Patrick's Day parade in Britain with a city centre parade[87] over a two-mile (3 km) route through the city centre. The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York.[88] London, since 2002, has had an annual Saint Patrick's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. In 2008 the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green. In 2020 the Parade was cancelled due to the pandemic. Liverpool has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city.[89] This has led to a long-standing celebration on St Patrick's Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade. Manchester hosts a two-week Irish festival in the weeks prior to Saint Patrick's Day. The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city's town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag, a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two-week period.[90] Malta Porte des Bombes illuminated in green on Saint Patrick's Day of 2014 The first Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in Malta took place in the early 20th century by soldiers of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who were stationed in Floriana. Celebrations were held in the Balzunetta area of the town, which contained a number of bars and was located close to the barracks. The Irish diaspora in Malta continued to celebrate the feast annually.[91] Today, Saint Patrick's Day is mainly celebrated in Spinola Bay and Paceville areas of St Julian's,[92] although other celebrations still occur at Floriana[91] and other locations.[93][94] Thousands of Maltese attend the celebrations, which are more associated with drinking beer than traditional Irish culture.[95][96] Russia Moscow hosts an annual Saint Patrick's Day festival. The first Saint Patrick's Day parade in Russia took place in 1992.[97] Since 1999, there has been a yearly "Saint Patrick's Day" festival in Moscow and other Russian cities.[98] The official part of the Moscow parade is a military-style parade and is held in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow. The unofficial parade is held by volunteers and resembles a carnival. In 2014, Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March, which includes Saint Patrick's Day on 17 March. Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy, the Moscow City Government, and other organisations.[99] In 2017, the Russian Orthodox Church added the feast day of Saint Patrick to its liturgical calendar, to be celebrated on 30 March [O.S. 17 March].[100] Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a large Irish expatriate community.[101][102] The community established the Sarajevo Irish Festival in 2015, which is held for three days around and including Saint Patrick's Day. The festival organizes an annual a parade, hosts Irish theatre companies, screens Irish films and organizes concerts of Irish folk musicians. The festival has hosted numerous Irish artists, filmmakers, theatre directors and musicians such as Conor Horgan, Ailis Ni Riain, Dermot Dunne, Mick Moloney, Chloë Agnew and others.[103][104][105] Scotland 2009 Saint Patrick's Day festival celebration in Coatbridge, Scotland The Scottish town of Coatbridge, where the majority of the town's population are of Irish descent,[106][107] also has a Saint Patrick's Day Festival which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre.[107][108] Glasgow has a considerably large Irish population; due, for the most part, to the Irish immigration during the 19th century. This immigration was the main cause in raising the population of Glasgow by over 100,000 people.[109] Due to this large Irish population, there are many Irish-themed pubs and Irish interest groups who hold yearly celebrations on Saint Patrick's day in Glasgow. Glasgow has held a yearly Saint Patrick's Day parade and festival since 2007.[110] Switzerland While Saint Patrick's Day in Switzerland is commonly celebrated on 17 March with festivities similar to those in neighbouring central European countries, it is not unusual for Swiss students to organise celebrations in their own living spaces on Saint Patrick's Eve. Most popular are usually those in Zurich's Kreis 4. Traditionally, guests also contribute with beverages and dress in green.[111] Lithuania Although it is not a national holiday in Lithuania, the Vilnia River is dyed green every year on the Saint Patrick's Day in the capital Vilnius.[112] Asia Japan Saint Patrick's Day in Motomachi, Yokohama Saint Patrick's parades are now held in many locations across Japan.[113] The first parade, in Tokyo, was organised by The Irish Network Japan (INJ) in 1992. Korea The Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick's Day since 1976 in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. The place of the parade and festival has been moved from Itaewon and Daehangno to Cheonggyecheon.[114] Malaysia In Malaysia, the St Patrick's Society of Selangor, founded in 1925, organises a yearly St Patrick's Ball, described as the biggest Saint Patrick's Day celebration in Asia. Guinness Anchor Berhad also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the Klang Valley, Penang, Johor Bahru, Malacca, Ipoh, Kuantan, Kota Kinabalu, Miri and Kuching. Caribbean Montserrat The island of Montserrat is known as the "Emerald Island of the Caribbean" because of its founding by Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis. Montserrat is one of three places where Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday, along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland & Labrador. The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768.[115] International Space Station Astronaut Chris Hadfield wearing green in the International Space Station on Saint Patrick's Day, 2013 Astronauts on board the International Space Station have celebrated the festival in different ways. Irish-American Catherine Coleman played a hundred-year-old flute belonging to Matt Molloy and a tin whistle belonging to Paddy Moloney, both members of the Irish music group The Chieftains, while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick's Day in 2011.[116][117][118] Her performance was later included in a track called "The Chieftains in Orbit" on the group's album, Voice of Ages.[119] Chris Hadfield took photographs of Ireland from Earth orbit, and a picture of himself wearing green clothing in the space station, and posted them online on Saint Patrick's Day in 2013. He also posted online a recording of himself singing "Danny Boy" in space.[120][121] North America Canada Montreal hosts one of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day parades in North America One of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day (French: le jour de la Saint-Patrick) parades in North America occurs each year in Montreal,[122] whose city flag includes a shamrock in its lower-right quadrant. The yearly celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929. The parade has been held yearly without interruption since 1824. St Patrick's Day itself, however, has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France. In Saint John, New Brunswick Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated as a week-long celebration. Shortly after the JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John's Irish heritage. The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on Partridge Island (Saint John County) quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself. In Manitoba, the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three-day festival of music and culture based around St Patrick's Day.[123] In 2004, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised its first yearly festival in downtown Vancouver to celebrate the Celtic Nations and their cultures. This event, which includes a parade, occurs each year during the weekend nearest St Patrick's Day.[124] In Quebec City, there was a parade from 1837 to 1926. The Quebec City St-Patrick Parade returned in 2010 after more than 84 years. For the occasion, a portion of the New York Police Department Pipes and Drums were present as special guests. There has been a parade held in Toronto since at least 1863.[125] There is a large parade in the city's downtown on the Sunday before 17 March.[citation needed] The Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team was known as the Toronto St. Patricks from 1919 to 1927, and wore green jerseys. In 1999, when the Maple Leafs played on St Patrick's Day, they wore green St Patrick's retro uniforms.[citation needed] Some groups, notably Guinness, have lobbied to make Saint Patrick's Day a national holiday.[126] In March 2009, the Calgary Tower changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for St Patrick's Day. Part of an environmental non-profit organisation's campaign (Project Porchlight), the green represented environmental concerns. Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick's Day, and resembled a Leprechaun's hat. After a week, white CFLs took their place. The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some $12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes.[127] Mexico The Saint Patrick's Battalion is honored in Mexico on Saint Patrick's Day.[128] United States The Chicago River dyed green[129] Main article: Saint Patrick's Day in the United States Saint Patrick's Day, while not a legal holiday in the United States, is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and Irish-American culture. Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green, religious observances, numerous parades, and copious consumption of alcohol.[10] The holiday has been celebrated in what is now the U.S since 1601.[130] In 2020, for the first time in over 250 years, the parade in New York City, the largest in the world, was postponed due to concerns about the pandemic.[131] South America Argentina Celebrations in Buenos Aires centre on Reconquista street. In Buenos Aires, a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista, where there are several Irish pubs;[132][133] in 2006, there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby.[134] Neither the Catholic Church nor the Irish community, the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland,[135] take part in the organisation of the parties. Criticism Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been criticised, particularly for their association with public drunkenness and disorderly conduct. Some argue that the festivities have become too commercialised and tacky,[136][137] and have strayed from their original purpose of honouring St Patrick and Irish heritage.[138][139][136] Journalist Niall O'Dowd has criticised attempts to recast Saint Patrick's Day as a celebration of multiculturalism rather than a celebration of Irishness.[140] Man in Leprechaun Outfit on St Patrick's Day Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have also been criticised for fostering demeaning stereotypes of Ireland and Irish people.[136] An example is the wearing of 'leprechaun outfits',[141] which are based on derogatory 19th century caricatures of the Irish.[142] In the run up to St Patrick's Day 2014, the Ancient Order of Hibernians successfully campaigned to stop major American retailers from selling novelty merchandise that promoted negative Irish stereotypes.[143] Some[who?] have described Saint Patrick's Day celebrations outside Ireland as displays of "Plastic Paddyness"; where foreigners appropriate and misrepresent Irish culture, claim Irish identity, and enact Irish stereotypes.[144] LGBT groups in the US were banned from marching in Saint Patrick's Day parades in New York City and Boston, resulting in the landmark Supreme Court decision of Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston. In New York City, the ban was lifted in 2014,[145] but LGBT groups still find that barriers to participation exist.[146] In Boston, the ban on LGBT group participation was lifted in 2015.[147] Sports events Traditionally the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship and All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship are held on Saint Patrick's Day in Croke Park, Dublin. The Interprovincial Championship was previously held on 17 March but this was switched to games being played in Autumn. The Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup, Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup and Ulster Schools Senior Cup are held on Saint Patrick's Day. The Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup is held on the weekend before Saint Patrick's Day. Horse racing at the Cheltenham Festival attracts large numbers of Irish people, both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland, and usually coincides with Saint Patrick's Day.[148] The Six Nations Championship is an annual international rugby Union tournament competed by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales and reaches its climax on or around Saint Patrick's Day.[149][150] On St Patrick's Day 2018, Ireland defeated England 24–15 at Twickenham, London to claim the third Grand Slam in their history.[151][152] The Saint Patrick's Day Test is an international rugby league tournament that is played between the US and Ireland. The competition was first started in 1995 and continued in 1996, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, and 2012. Ireland won the first two tests as well as the one in 2011, with the US winning the remaining 5. The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick's Day.[153] The major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada that play during March often wear special third jerseys to acknowledge the holiday. Examples include the Buffalo Sabres (who have worn special Irish-themed practice jerseys), Toronto Maple Leafs (who wear Toronto St. Patricks throwbacks), New York Knicks, Toronto Raptors, and most Major League Baseball teams. The New Jersey Devils have worn their green-and-red throwback jerseys on or around Saint Patrick's Day in recent years.[154] See also iconHolidays portal flagIreland portal iconChristianity portal Gaelic calendar, also known as Irish calendar "It's a Great Day for the Irish" Order of St. Patrick Saint Patrick's Breastplate St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm of 1892 Saint Urho References Doug Bolton (16 March 2016). "One Irish creative agency is leading the charge against 'St. Patty's Day'". The Independent. 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Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 52. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "In nineteenth-century America it became a celebration of Irishness more than a religious occasion, though attending Mass continues as an essential part of the day." Willard Burgess Moore (1989). Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 52. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "The religious occasion did involve the wearing of shamrocks, an Irish symbol of the Holy Trinity, and the lifting of Lenten restrictions on drinking." Edna Barth (2001). Shamrocks, Harps, and Shillelaghs: The Story of the St. Patrick's Day Symbols. Sandpiper. p. 7. ISBN 0618096515. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "For most Irish-Americans, this holiday is partially religious but overwhelmingly festive. For most Irish people in Ireland the day has little to do with religion at all. St. Patrick's Day church services are followed by parades and parties, the latter being the best attended. The festivities are marked by Irish music, songs, and dances." John Nagle (2009). Multiculturalism's Double-Bind. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-754-67607-2. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "Like many other forms of carnival, St. Patrick's Day is a feast day, a break from Lent in which adherents are allowed to temporarily abandon rigorous fasting by indulging in the forbidden. Since alcohol is often proscribed during Lent the copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick's day." James Terence Fisher (30 November 2007). Communion of Immigrants: A History of Catholics in America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199842254. Retrieved 13 November 2010. "The 40-day period (not counting Sundays) prior to Easter is known as Lent, a time of prayer and fasting. 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Retrieved 23 March 2018. Massie, Alex (17 March 2006). "Erin Go Argh!". National Review Online. Santora, Mark (3 September 2014). "Gay Groups to March in St. Patrick's Day Parade as Ban Falls". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2016. Fitzgerald, Jim (3 September 2014). "Gays Scoff at NY St. Patrick's Day Parade Decision". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016. Worland, Justin (15 March 2015). "Boston Sees Historic St. Patrick's Day Parade". Time. Retrieved 17 March 2016. "The day the world turns green". BBC News. 17 March 1998. Retrieved 17 March 2013. Carey, Tom. (10 March 2018). Ireland will chase a Grand Slam at Twickenham on St Patrick's Day after claiming Six Nations title in Dublin. The Telegraph. Retrieved on 8 January 2018 Tevlin, Rory (17 March 2018)'On St Patrick's Day and After Cheltenham – This is the Icing on the Cake' – Ireland Rugby Fans Paint London Green. Independent.ie. Retrieved 8 January 2018 Fordyce, Tom. (17 March 2018). Six Nations: Ireland beat England 24–15 to win Grand Slam. BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 January 2018 Godwin, Hugh. (17 March 2018). Six Nations: Ireland Complete the Third Grand Slam in Their History with 24–15 Victory Over England The Independent. Retrieved 8 January 2018 Lowe, Brian (9 December 2010). "Tomahawks To Host Ireland". We Are Rugby. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011. Chere, Rich (16 March 2015). "How do the Devils feel about wearing the green and red retro jerseys?". NJ.com. Retrieved 21 February 2017. Cronin, Mike; Adair, Daryl (2002). The Wearing of the Green: A History of St. Patrick's Day. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-18004-7. 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See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, public holidays in the United States, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. vte United Kingdom Public holidays in the United Kingdom All regions New Year's Day May Bank Holiday Summer Bank Holiday Christmas Day Boxing Day England and Wales Good Friday Easter Monday Spring Bank Holiday Northern Ireland Saint Patrick's Day Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Spring Bank Holiday Battle of the Boyne (Orangemen's Day) Scotland 2nd January Good Friday St Andrew's Day (optional) Portals Access related topics P christianity.svgChristianity portal Calendar icon.svgHolidays portal Four Provinces Flag.svgIreland portal Find out more on Wikipedia's Sister projects Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Data from Wikidata Authority control Edit this at Wikidata GND: 4688508-0 NARA: 10675013 Categories: Saint Patrick's DaySaint Patrick1783 establishments in Ireland1903 establishments in IrelandCatholic holy daysCatholic Church in the United StatesFestivals in IrelandIrish cultureIrish folkloreIrish-American cultureIrish-Australian cultureIrish-Canadian cultureIrish-New Zealand cultureMarch observancesNational daysObservances in AustraliaParadesPublic holidays in CanadaPublic holidays in MexicoPublic holidays in the Republic of IrelandSaints daysPublic holidays in the United StatesSpring (season) events in the Republic of Ireland Irish people This article is about the Irish as an ethnic group and nation. For information on Ireland's population, see Demographics of the Republic of Ireland and Demographics of Northern Ireland. "Irishman" redirects here. For pages titled "The Irishman", see The Irishman. For "The Irish People" newspapers, see The Irish People. Irish people Muintir na hÉireannTotal population c. 70–80 million worldwide[1] Irish people around the world.svg Regions with significant populations Republic of Ireland 4,045,473 (2020 estimate)[2] Northern Ireland 1,810,863 (2011)[3] United States 40,000,000+[4] United Kingdom (excluding Northern Ireland) 650,000 first generation[5] Australia 7,000,000[6] Canada 4,627,000[7][8] New Zealand 600,000[9] Argentina 500,000[10] Chile 120,000[11] France 15,000[12] Languages Irish, English (Hiberno-English dialects), Scots (Ulster Scots dialects), Shelta Religion Mainly Christianity (majority Roman Catholicism; minority Protestantism, especially Presbyterianism, Anglicanism, Methodism) see also: Religion in Ireland Related ethnic groups Irish Travellers, Gaels, Anglo-Irish, Bretons, Cornish, English, Icelanders,[13] Manx, Norse, Scots, Ulster Scots, Welsh Part of a series on Irish people Celtic Glasgow (1925-1977).gif By region or country Republic of Ireland · Northern Ireland Irish diaspora · Irish Travellers Irish culture Art · Calendar · Cinema · Clans Cuisine · Dance · Dress Education (ROI) · Education (NI) · Flags Languages · Literature · Mythology Music · Politics (ROI) · Politics (NI) Religion (ROI) · Religion (NI) · Sport · Television Religion Catholicism · Church of Ireland Presbyterianism · Methodism Judaism · Islam · Paganism Languages and dialects Irish · Hiberno-English Ulster Scots · Shelta History of Ireland vte Part of a series on the Culture of Ireland Four Provinces Flag.svg History People Languages [hide] Irish Hiberno-English Ulster Scots Mythology and folklore [hide] Mythology folklore Cuisine [hide] Barmbrack Boxty Champ Coddle Colcannon Crubeens Drisheen Goody Irish stew Irish breakfast Irish whiskey Festivals [hide] Imbolc/St Brigid's Day St Patrick's Day Bealtaine The Twelfth Lúnasa Rose of Tralee Samhain Wren Day Religion Art Literature Music and performing arts [hide] Music Irish folk music Sean-nós song Irish dance Irish theatre Céilí Media [hide] Radio Television Cinema Sport [hide] Gaelic games Gaelic football Gaelic handball Hurling Camogie Irish road bowling Rounders Irish martial arts Monuments [hide] World Heritage Sites Symbols [hide] Flag Coat of arms Flags Coat of arms Shamrock Irish harp Red Hand Brigid's cross Irish Wolfhound Inventions and discoveries Four Provinces Flag.svg Ireland portal vte The Irish (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann or Na hÉireannaigh) are an ethnic group and nation native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 12,500 years according to archaeological studies (see Prehistoric Ireland). For most of Ireland's recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people (see Gaelic Ireland). From the 9th century, small numbers of Vikings settled in Ireland, becoming the Norse-Gaels. Anglo-Normans conquered parts of Ireland in the 12th century, while England's 16th/17th-century conquest and colonisation of Ireland brought many English and Lowland Scots people to parts of the island, especially the north. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland (an independent state) and the smaller Northern Ireland (a part of the United Kingdom). The people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities including British, Irish, Northern Irish or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine and mythology. Although Irish (Gaeilge) was their main language in the past, today most Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, and the Irish also had their own religion, law code, alphabet and style of dress.[citation needed] There have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Ireland's conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, and the Irish came to be seen as a nation of "saints and scholars". The 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the "fathers of Europe",[14] followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the "father of chemistry", and Robert Mallet one of the "fathers of seismology". Famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, Samuel Beckett, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker, James Joyce, C.S. Lewis and Seamus Heaney. Notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Sir Robert McClure, Sir Alexander Armstrong, Sir Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides.[15] Many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.9 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, making the Irish diaspora one of the largest of any nation. Historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are found mainly in English-speaking countries, especially Great Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico, New Zealand and Brazil. The United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country outside Ireland.[16] Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears.[17] Origins and antecedents Prehistoric and legendary ancestors Main articles: Prehistoric Ireland and Early history of Ireland Carrowmore tomb, c. 3000 BC During the past 12,500 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores. The ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor the terms they used to describe themselves have survived. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, and Hibernia to the Romans.[citation needed] Pytheas made a voyage of exploration to northwestern Europe in about 325 BC, but his account of it, known widely in Antiquity, has not survived and is now known only through the writings of others. On this voyage, he circumnavigated and visited a considerable part of modern-day Great Britain and Ireland. He was the first known scientific visitor to see and describe the Celtic and Germanic tribes.[18] "Britain" is most like Welsh Ynys Prydein, "the island of Britain", in which is a P-Celtic allophone of Q-Celtic Cruithne in Irish Cruithen-tuath, "land of the Picts". The base word is Scottish/Irish cruth, Welsh pryd, meaning "form". The British were the "people of forms", with the sense of shapes or pictures,[19] thought to refer to their practice of tattooing or war painting.[20] The Roman word Picti, "the Picts", means "painted". This etymology shows that Pytheas interacted not so much with Irish, as they used Q-Celtic. Rather, Pytheas brought back the P-Celtic form from more geographically accessible regions where Welsh or Breton are spoken presently. Furthermore, some proto-Celtic was spoken over all of Greater Britain, and this particular spelling is prototypical of those more populous regions. Diodorus, based on Pytheas reports that Britain is cold and subject to frosts, being "too much subject to the Bear", and not "under the Arctic pole", as some translations say.[21] The numerous population of natives, he says, live in thatched cottages, store their grain in subterranean caches and bake bread from it.[21] They are "of simple manners" (ēthesin haplous) and are content with plain fare. They are ruled by many kings and princes who live in peace with each other. Their troops fight from chariots, as did the Greeks in the Trojan War. Reconstruction of a Celtic thatched hut in Wales. Scotland takes its name from Scota, who in Irish mythology, Scottish mythology, and pseudohistory, is the name given to two different mythological daughters of two different Egyptian Pharaohs to whom the Gaels traced their ancestry, allegedly explaining the name Scoti, applied by the Romans to Irish raiders, and later to the Irish invaders of Argyll and Caledonia which became known as Scotland. Other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael. This last word, derived from the Welsh gwyddel "raiders", was eventually adopted by the Irish for themselves. However, as a term it is on a par with Viking, as it describes an activity (raiding, piracy) and its proponents, not their actual ethnic affiliations. The terms Irish and Ireland are probably derived from the goddess Ériu.[22] A variety of historical ethnic groups have inhabited the island, including the Airgialla, Fir Ol nEchmacht, Delbhna, Fir Bolg, Érainn, Eóganachta, Mairtine, Conmaicne, Soghain, and Ulaid. In the cases of the Conmaicne, Delbhna, and perhaps Érainn, it can be demonstrated that the tribe took their name from their chief deity, or in the case of the Ciannachta, Eóganachta, and possibly the Soghain, a deified ancestor. This practice is paralleled by the Anglo-Saxon dynasties' claims of descent from Woden, via his sons Wecta, Baeldaeg, Casere and Wihtlaeg. The Greek mythographer Euhemerus originated the concept of Euhemerism, which treats mythological accounts as a reflection of actual historical events shaped by retelling and traditional mores. In the 12th century, Icelandic bard and historian Snorri Sturluson proposed that the Norse gods were originally historical war leaders and kings, who later became cult figures, eventually set into society as gods. This view is in agreement with Irish historians such as T. F. O'Rahilly and Francis John Byrne; the early chapters of their respective books, Early Irish history and mythology (reprinted 2004) and Irish Kings and High-Kings (3rd revised edition, 2001), deal in depth with the origins and status of many Irish ancestral deities. One legend states that the Irish were descended from one Míl Espáine, whose sons supposedly conquered Ireland around 1000 BC or later.[23] The character is almost certainly a mere personification of a supposed migration by a group or groups from Iberia to Ireland. It is from this that the Irish were, as late as the 1800s, popularly known as "Milesian".[24] Medieval Irish historians, over the course of several centuries, created the genealogical dogma that all Irish were descendants of Míl, ignoring the fact that their own works demonstrated inhabitants in Ireland prior to his supposed arrival. This doctrine was adapted between the 10th and 12th centuries, as demonstrated in the works of Eochaidh Ua Floinn (936–1004); Flann Mainistrech (died 25 November 1056); Tanaide (died c. 1075) and Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde (fl. 1072). Many of their compositions were incorporated into the compendium Lebor Gabála Érenn. This tradition was enhanced and embedded in the tradition by successive historians such as Dubsúilech Ó Maolconaire (died 1270); Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin (d.1372); Giolla Íosa Mór Mac Fir Bhisigh (fl. 1390–1418); Pilip Ballach Ó Duibhgeannáin (fl. 1579–1590) and Flann Mac Aodhagáin (alive 1640). The first Irish historian who questioned the reliability of such accounts was Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh (murdered 1671). Genetics See also: Genetic history of Europe, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe, and Genetic history of the British Isles Genetic research shows a strong similarity between the Y chromosome haplotypes of Irish men with Goidelic surnames, and males from the area of Spain and Portugal, especially Galicia, Asturias, and Cantabria (and perhaps former Basque country).[25] The incidence of the R1b-M269 haplogroup is 70% or more in Ireland, Cumbria and Cornwall in England, the Northern region in Portugal (Douro Litoral, Minho and Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro), northern Spain (Galicia, Asturias, León, Cantabria and Basque Country), western France (Gascony, Saintonge, Poitou, and Brittany), and Wales and Scotland in Britain. R1b-M269's incidence declines gradually with distance from these areas but it is still common across the central areas of Europe. R1b-M269 is the most frequent haplogroup in Germany and in the Low Countries, and is common in southern Scandinavia and in northern and central Italy.[26][27] However, this haplogroup is now believed to have originated over 12,000 years more recently than previously thought, at only 5,000 years ago.[28] According to 2009 studies by Bramanti et al. and Malmström et al. on mtDNA,[29][30] related western European populations appear to be largely from the neolithic and not paleolithic era, as previously thought. There was discontinuity between mesolithic central Europe and modern European populations mainly due to an extremely high frequency of haplogroup U (particularly U5) types in mesolithic central European sites. The existence of an especially strong genetic association between the Irish and the Basques was first challenged in 2005,[31] and in 2007 scientists began looking at the possibility of a more recent Mesolithic- or even Neolithic-era entrance of R1b into Europe.[32] A new study published in 2010 by Balaresque et al. implies either a Mesolithic- or Neolithic- (not Paleolithic-) era entrance of R1b into Europe.[33] Unlike previous studies, large sections of autosomal DNA were analyzed in addition to paternal Y-DNA markers. They detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic or Mesolithic Europeans, and which would have been introduced into Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages. This genetic component, labelled as "Yamnaya" in the studies, then mixed to varying degrees with earlier Mesolithic hunter-gatherer and/or Neolithic farmer populations already existing in western Europe.[34][35][36] A more recent whole genome analysis of Neolithic and Bronze Age skeletal remains from Ireland suggested that the original Neolithic farming population was most similar to present-day Sardinians, while the three Bronze Age remains had a large genetic component from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe. Modern Irish are the population most genetically similar to the Bronze Age remains, followed by Scottish and Welsh, and share more DNA with the three Bronze Age men from Rathlin Island than with the earlier Ballynahatty Neolithic woman.[37][38] A 2017 genetic study done on the Irish shows that there is fine-scale population structure between different regional populations of the island, with the largest difference between native 'Gaelic' Irish populations and those of Ulster Protestants known to have recent, partial British ancestry. They were also found to have most similarity to two main ancestral sources: a 'French' component (mostly northwestern French) which reached highest levels in the Irish and other Celtic populations (Welsh, Highland Scots and Cornish) and showing a possible link to the Bretons; and a 'West Norwegian' component related to the Viking era.[39][40] Irish Travellers Irish Travellers are an indigenous people of Ireland, a DNA study found they originally descended from the general Irish population, however they are now very distinct from it. The emergence of Travellers as a distinct group occurred long before the Great Famine, a genetic analysis shows. The research suggests that Traveller origins may in fact date as far back as 420 years to 1597. The Plantation of Ulster began around that time, with native Irish displaced from the land, perhaps to form a nomadic population.[41] Black Irish "Black Irish" redirects here. For Irish people of black African descent, see Black people in Ireland. For the 2007 film, see Black Irish (film). Black Irish is an ambiguous term sometimes used (mainly outside Ireland) as a reference to a dark-haired phenotype appearing in people of Irish origin.[42] However, dark hair in people of Irish descent is common, although darker skin complexions appear less frequently.[43] One popular speculation suggests the Black Irish are descendants of survivors of the Spanish Armada, multiple ships from which were wrecked or made landfall on the western Irish coast in 1588; subsequent research has discredited such claims.[44] Filmmaker Bob Quinn, in the documentary series Atlantean, hypothesises the existence of an ancient sea-trading route linking North Africa and Iberia to regions such as Connemara. With this hypothesis, Quinn explains phenotypical similarities between the "Atlantean Irish" and the populations of Iberia and the Berbers.[45] Quinn's Atlantean thesis has not been accepted by the Irish academic establishment, who have criticised it is as non-scholarly and lacking hard evidence to back his theories.[46] Afro-Caribbean people descended from Irish settlers in the Caribbean, especially those on Barbados and Montserrat,[47] are also referred to as "Black Irish". The people concerned often have Irish surnames, speak a form of Caribbean English influenced by the Irish vernacular and, in some cases, sing Irish songs.[48] History Early expansion and the coming of Christianity See also: Early history of Ireland Finnian of Clonard imparting his blessing to the "Twelve Apostles of Ireland" One Roman historian records that the Irish people were divided into "sixteen different nations" or tribes.[49] Traditional histories assert that the Romans never attempted to conquer Ireland, although it may have been considered.[49] The Irish were not, however, cut off from Europe; they frequently raided the Roman territories,[49] and also maintained trade links.[50] Among the most famous people of ancient Irish history are the High Kings of Ireland, such as Cormac mac Airt and Niall of the Nine Hostages, and the semi-legendary Fianna. The 20th-century writer Seumas MacManus wrote that even if the Fianna and the Fenian Cycle were purely fictional, it would still be representative of the character of the Irish people: ...such beautiful fictions of such beautiful ideals, by themselves presume and prove beautiful-souled people, capable of appreciating lofty ideals.[51] The introduction of Christianity to the Irish people during the 5th century brought a radical change to the Irish people's foreign relations.[52] The only military raid abroad recorded after that century is a presumed invasion of Wales, which according to a Welsh manuscript may have taken place around the 7th century.[52] In the words of Seumas MacManus: If we compare the history of Ireland in the 6th century, after Christianity was received, with that of the 4th century, before the coming of Christianity, the wonderful change and contrast is probably more striking than any other such change in any other nation known to history.[52] Following the conversion of the Irish to Christianity, Irish secular laws and social institutions remained in place.[53] Migration and invasion in the Middle Ages See also: Early Medieval Ireland 800–1166 and Norman invasion of Ireland The approximate area of the Dál Riata (shaded) The 'traditional' view is that, in the 4th or 5th century, Goidelic language and Gaelic culture was brought to Scotland by settlers from Ireland, who founded the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata on Scotland's west coast.[54][55] This is based mostly on medieval writings from the 9th and 10th centuries. The archaeologist Ewan Campbell argues against this view, saying that there is no archeological or placename evidence for a migration or a takeover by a small group of elites. He states that "the Irish migration hypothesis seems to be a classic case of long-held historical beliefs influencing not only the interpretation of documentary sources themselves, but the subsequent invasion paradigm being accepted uncritically in the related disciplines of archaeology and linguistics."[56] Dál Riata and the territory of the neighbouring Picts merged to form the Kingdom of Alba, and Goidelic language and Gaelic culture became dominant there. The country came to be called Scotland, after the Roman name for the Gaels: Scoti. The Isle of Man and the Manx people also came under massive Gaelic influence in their history. Irish missionaries such as Saint Columba brought Christianity to Pictish Scotland. The Irishmen of this time were also "aware of the cultural unity of Europe", and it was the 6th-century Irish monk Columbanus who is regarded as "one of the fathers of Europe".[14] Another Irish saint, Aidan of Lindisfarne, has been proposed as a possible patron saint of the United Kingdom,[57] while Saints Kilian and Vergilius became the patron saints of Würzburg in Germany and Salzburg in Austria, respectively. Irish missionaries founded monasteries outside Ireland, such as Iona Abbey, the Abbey of St Gall in Switzerland, and Bobbio Abbey in Italy. Common to both the monastic and the secular bardic schools were Irish and Latin. With Latin, the early Irish scholars "show almost a like familiarity that they do with their own Gaelic".[58] There is evidence also that Hebrew and Greek were studied, the latter probably being taught at Iona.[59] "The knowledge of Greek", says Professor Sandys in his History of Classical Scholarship, "which had almost vanished in the west was so widely dispersed in the schools of Ireland that if anyone knew Greek it was assumed he must have come from that country."'[60] Since the time of Charlemagne, Irish scholars had a considerable presence in the Frankish court, where they were renowned for their learning.[61] The most significant Irish intellectual of the early monastic period was the 9th century Johannes Scotus Eriugena, an outstanding philosopher in terms of originality.[61] He was the earliest of the founders of scholasticism, the dominant school of medieval philosophy.[62] He had considerable familiarity with the Greek language, and translated many works into Latin, affording access to the Cappadocian Fathers and the Greek theological tradition, previously almost unknown in the Latin West.[61] The influx of Viking raiders and traders in the 9th and 10th centuries resulted in the founding of many of Ireland's most important towns, including Cork, Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford (earlier Gaelic settlements on these sites did not approach the urban nature of the subsequent Norse trading ports). The Vikings left little impact on Ireland other than towns and certain words added to the Irish language, but many Irish taken as slaves inter-married with the Scandinavians, hence forming a close link with the Icelandic people. In the Icelandic Laxdœla saga, for example, "even slaves are highborn, descended from the kings of Ireland."[63] The first name of Njáll Þorgeirsson, the chief protagonist of Njáls saga, is a variation of the Irish name Neil. According to Eirik the Red's Saga, the first European couple to have a child born in North America was descended from the Viking Queen of Dublin, Aud the Deep-minded, and a Gaelic slave brought to Iceland.[15] Irish Gaels in a painting from the 16th century The arrival of the Anglo-Normans brought also the Welsh, Flemish, Anglo-Saxons, and Bretons. Most of these were assimilated into Irish culture and polity by the 15th century, with the exception of some of the walled towns and the Pale areas.[53] The Late Middle Ages also saw the settlement of Scottish gallowglass families of mixed Gaelic-Norse and Pict descent, mainly in the north; due to similarities of language and culture they too were assimilated. Surnames Main article: Irish name Further information: Celtic onomastics This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This section may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately. (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Irish were among the first people in Europe to use surnames as we know them today.[64] It is very common for people of Gaelic origin to have the English versions of their surnames beginning with 'Ó' or 'Mac' (Over time however many have been shortened to 'O' or Mc). 'O' comes from the Irish Ó which in turn came from Ua, which means "grandson", or "descendant" of a named person. Mac is the Irish for son. Names that begin with "O'" include Ó Bánion (O'Banion), Ó Briain (O'Brien), Ó Ceallaigh (O'Kelly), Ó Conchobhair (O'Connor, O'Conor), Ó Chonaill (O'Connell), O'Coiligh (Cox), Ó Cuilinn (Cullen), Ó Domhnaill (O'Donnell), Ó Drisceoil (O'Driscoll), Ó hAnnracháin, (Hanrahan), Ó Máille (O'Malley), Ó Mathghamhna (O'Mahony), Ó Néill (O'Neill), Ó Sé (O'Shea), Ó Súilleabháin (O'Sullivan), Ó Caiside/Ó Casaide (Cassidy),[65] (Brady) Ó Brádaigh/Mac Bradaigh[66] and Ó Tuathail (O'Toole)[67] Names that begin with Mac or Mc include Mac Cárthaigh (MacCarthy), Mac Diarmada (MacDermott), Mac Domhnaill (MacDonnell), and Mac Mathghamhna (MacMahon) Mag Uidhir (Maguire)), (McDonagh),[68] (MacNamara),[69] (McInerney),[70] (MacGrath),[71] (McEnery),[72] (McGee),[73] (Magennis),[74] (McCann),[75] (McCaffrey),[76] (McLaughlin)[77] and (McNally)[78] Mac is commonly anglicised Mc. However, "Mac" and "Mc" are not mutually exclusive, so, for example, both "MacCarthy" and "McCarthy" are used. both "Mac" and "Ó'" prefixes are both Irish in origin, Anglicized Prefix Mc is far more common in Ireland than Scotland with 2/3 of all Mc Surnames being Irish in origin[79] However,"Mac" is more common in Scotland and Ulster than in the rest of Ireland; furthermore, "Ó" surnames are less common in Scotland having been brought to Scotland from Ireland.[80] The proper surname for a woman in Irish uses the feminine prefix nic (meaning daughter) in place of mac. Thus a boy may be called Mac Domhnaill whereas his sister would be called Nic Dhomhnaill or Ní Dhomhnaill – the insertion of 'h' follows the female prefix in the case of most consonants (bar H, L, N, R, & T). A son has the same surname as his father. A female's surname replaces Ó with Ní (reduced from Iníon Uí – "daughter of the grandson of") and Mac with Nic (reduced from Iníon Mhic – "daughter of the son of"); in both cases the following name undergoes lenition. However, if the second part of the surname begins with the letter C or G, it is not lenited after Nic.[citation needed] Thus the daughter of a man named Ó Maolagáin has the surname Ní Mhaolagáin and the daughter of a man named Mac Gearailt has the surname Nic Gearailt. When anglicised, the name can remain O' or Mac, regardless of gender. There are a number of Irish surnames derived from Norse personal names, including Mac Suibhne (Sweeney) from Swein and McAuliffe from "Olaf". The name Cotter, local to County Cork, derives from the Norse personal name Ottir. The name Reynolds is an Anglicization of the Irish Mac Raghnaill, itself originating from the Norse names Randal or Reginald. Though these names were of Viking derivation some of the families who bear them appear to have had Gaelic origins. "Fitz" is an old Norman French variant of the Old French word fils (variant spellings filz, fiuz, fiz, etc.), used by the Normans, meaning son. The Normans themselves were descendants of Vikings, who had settled in Normandy and thoroughly adopted the French language and culture.[81] With the exception of the Gaelic-Irish Fitzpatrick (Mac Giolla Phádraig) surname, all names that begin with Fitz – including FitzGerald (Mac Gearailt), Fitzsimons (Mac Síomóin/Mac an Ridire) and FitzHenry (Mac Anraí) – are descended from the initial Norman settlers. A small number of Irish families of Goidelic origin came to use a Norman form of their original surname—so that Mac Giolla Phádraig became Fitzpatrick—while some assimilated so well that the Irish name was dropped in favor of a new, Hiberno-Norman form. Another common Irish surname of Norman Irish origin is the 'de' habitational prefix, meaning 'of' and originally signifying prestige and land ownership. Examples include de Búrca (Burke), de Brún, de Barra (Barry), de Stac (Stack), de Tiúit, de Faoite (White), de Londras (Landers), de Paor (Power). The Irish surname "Walsh" (in Irish Breathnach) was routinely given to settlers of Welsh origin, who had come during and after the Norman invasion. The Joyce and Griffin/Griffith (Gruffydd) families are also of Welsh origin. The Mac Lochlainn, Ó Maol Seachlainn, Ó Maol Seachnaill, Ó Conchobhair, Mac Loughlin and Mac Diarmada families, all distinct, are now all subsumed together as MacLoughlin. The full surname usually indicated which family was in question, something that has been diminished with the loss of prefixes such as Ó and Mac. Different branches of a family with the same surname sometimes used distinguishing epithets, which sometimes became surnames in their own right. Hence the chief of the clan Ó Cearnaigh (Kearney) was referred to as An Sionnach (Fox), which his descendants use to this day. Similar surnames are often found in Scotland for many reasons, such as the use of a common language and mass Irish migration to Scotland in the late 19th and early to mid-20th centuries. Late Medieval and Tudor Ireland A 16th century perception of Irish women and girls, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by Lucas d'Heere in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the Ghent University Library.[82] See also: Gaelic Ireland and Lordship of Ireland Gaelic Irish soldiers in the Low Countries, from a drawing of 1521 by Albrecht Dürer The Irish people of the Late Middle Ages were active as traders on the European continent.[83] They were distinguished from the English (who only used their own language or French) in that they only used Latin abroad—a language "spoken by all educated people throughout Gaeldom".[84] According to the writer Seumas MacManus, the explorer Christopher Columbus visited Ireland to gather information about the lands to the west,[85] a number of Irish names are recorded on Columbus' crew roster preserved in the archives of Madrid and it was an Irishman named Patrick Maguire who was the first to set foot in the Americas in 1492;[85] however, according to Morison and Miss Gould[clarification needed], who made a detailed study of the crew list of 1492, no Irish or English sailors were involved in the voyage.[86] An English report of 1515 states that the Irish people were divided into over sixty Gaelic lordships and thirty Anglo-Irish lordships.[53] The English term for these lordships was "nation" or "country".[53] The Irish term "oireacht" referred to both the territory and the people ruled by the lord.[53] Literally, it meant an "assembly", where the Brehons would hold their courts upon hills to arbitrate the matters of the lordship.[53] Indeed, the Tudor lawyer John Davies described the Irish people with respect to their laws: There is no people under the sun that doth love equal and indifferent (impartial) justice better than the Irish, or will rest better satisfied with the execution thereof, although it be against themselves, as they may have the protection and benefit of the law upon which just cause they do desire it.[87] Another English commentator records that the assemblies were attended by "all the scum of the country"—the labouring population as well as the landowners.[53] While the distinction between "free" and "unfree" elements of the Irish people was unreal in legal terms, it was a social and economic reality.[53] Social mobility was usually downwards, due to social and economic pressures.[53] The ruling clan's "expansion from the top downwards" was constantly displacing commoners and forcing them into the margins of society.[53] As a clan-based society, genealogy was all important.[53] Ireland 'was justly styled a "Nation of Annalists"'.[88] The various branches of Irish learning—including law, poetry, history and genealogy, and medicine—were associated with hereditary learned families.[89] The poetic families included the Uí Dhálaigh (Daly) and the MacGrath.[53] Irish physicians, such as the O'Briens in Munster or the MacCailim Mor in the Western Isles, were renowned in the courts of England, Spain, Portugal and the Low Countries.[87] Learning was not exclusive to the hereditary learned families, however; one such example is Cathal Mac Manus, the 15th century diocesan priest who wrote the Annals of Ulster.[89] Other learned families included the Mic Aodhagáin and Clann Fhir Bhisigh.[89] It was this latter family which produced Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh, the 17th century genealogist and compiler of the Leabhar na nGenealach. (see also Irish medical families). Plantations See also: Plantations of Ireland and Ulster-Scots Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish scientist and father of chemistry, whose family obtained land in the plantations After Ireland was subdued by England, the English—under James I of England (r. 1603–1625), the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658), William III of England (r. 1689–1702) and their British successors—began the settling of Protestant Scottish and English colonists into Ireland, where they settled most heavily in the northern province of Ulster. The Plantations of Ireland, and in particular the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century, introduced great numbers of Scottish, English as well as French Huguenots as colonists. Many Gaelic Irish were displaced during the 17th century plantations. Only in the major part of Ulster did the plantations of mostly Scottish prove long-lived; the other three provinces (Connacht, Leinster, and Munster) remained heavily Gaelic Irish. Eventually, the Anglo-Irish and Protestant populations of those three provinces decreased drastically as a result of the political developments in the early 20th century in Ireland, as well as the Catholic Church's Ne Temere decree for mixed marriages, which obliged the non-Catholic partner to have the children raised as Catholics[citation needed]. Enlightenment Ireland See also: United Irishmen, Nicholas Callan, and Protestant Ascendancy [icon] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) There have been notable Irish scientists. The Anglo-Irish scientist Robert Boyle (1627–1691) is considered the father of chemistry for his book The Sceptical Chymist, written in 1661.[90] Boyle was an atomist, and is best known for Boyle's Law. The hydrographer Rear Admiral Francis Beaufort (1774–1857), an Irish naval officer of Huguenot descent, was the creator of the Beaufort scale for indicating wind force. George Boole (1815–1864), the mathematician who invented Boolean algebra, spent the latter part of his life in Cork. The 19th century physicist George Stoney introduced the idea and the name of the electron. He was the uncle of another notable physicist, George FitzGerald. Jonathan Swift, one of the foremost prose satirists in the English language The Irish bardic system, along with the Gaelic culture and learned classes, were upset by the plantations, and went into decline. Among the last of the true bardic poets were Brian Mac Giolla Phádraig (c. 1580–1652) and Dáibhí Ó Bruadair (1625–1698). The Irish poets of the late 17th and 18th centuries moved toward more modern dialects. Among the most prominent of this period were Séamas Dall Mac Cuarta, Peadar Ó Doirnín, Art Mac Cumhaigh, Cathal Buí Mac Giolla Ghunna, and Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill. Irish Catholics continued to receive an education in secret "hedgeschools", in spite of the Penal laws.[91] A knowledge of Latin was common among the poor Irish mountaineers in the 17th century, who spoke it on special occasions, while cattle were bought and sold in Greek in the mountain market-places of Kerry.[92] For a comparatively small population of about 6 million people, Ireland made an enormous contribution to literature. Irish literature encompasses the Irish and English languages. Notable Irish writers, playwrights and poets include Jonathan Swift, Laurence Sterne, Oscar Wilde, Oliver Goldsmith, James Joyce, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett, Bram Stoker, W.B Yeats, Séamus Heaney and Brendan Behan. 19th century Main article: Anti-Irish racism [icon] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2010) The Great Famine / An Górta Mór This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Main article: Great Irish Famine Known as An Górta Mór ("The Great Hurt") in the Irish language, during the famine millions of Irish people died and emigrated during Ireland's largest famine. The famine lasted from 1845 - 1849, and it was worst in the year 1847, which became known as Black '47. The famine occurred due to the extremely impoverished Irish population's staple food the potato being infected with Blight, and the British administration appropriating all other crops and livestock to feed her armies abroad.[93] This meant the crop failed and turned black. Starving people who tried to eat them would only vomit it back up soon afterwards. Soup kitchens were set up but made little difference. The British government produced little aid, only sending raw corn known as 'Peel's Brimstone' to Ireland. It was known by this name after the British Prime Minister at the time, Robert Peel, and the fact that many Irish weren't aware on how to cook corn. This led to little or no improvement. The British government set up workhouses which were disease ridden (with cholera, TB and others) but they also failed as little food was available and many died on arrival as they were overworked. Some British political figures at the time saw the famine as a purge from God to exterminate the majority of the native Irish population. Ireland's Holocaust mural on the Ballymurphy Road, Belfast. "An Gorta Mór, Britain's genocide by starvation, Ireland's holocaust 1845–1849, over 1,500,000 deaths". Irish people emigrated to escape the famine journeying predominantly to the east coast of the United States, especially Boston and New York, as well as Liverpool in England, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Many records show the majority of Irish emigrants to Australia were in fact prisoners. A substantial proportion of these committed crimes in hopes of being extradited to Australia, favouring it to the persecution and hardships they endured in their homeland. Emigrants travelled on 'Coffin Ships',which got their name from the often high mortality rates on board. Many died of disease or starved. Conditions on board were abysmal - tickets were expensive so stowaways were common, little food stuff was given to passengers who were simply viewed as cargo in the eyes of the ship workers. Famous coffin ships include the Jeanie Johnston and the Dunbrody. There are many statues and memorials in Dublin, New York and other cities in memory of the famine. The Fields of Athenry is a famous song about the Great famine and is often sung at national team sporting events in memory and homage to those affected by the famine. The Great famine is one of the biggest events in Irish history and is ingrained in the identity on the nation to this day. It was a major in factor in Irish Nationalism and Ireland's fight for Independence during subsequent rebellions, as many Irish people felt a stronger need to regain independence from British rule. [icon] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) 20th century See also: Partition of Ireland, Irish Free State, Northern Ireland, and Republic of Ireland After the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed which led to the formation of the independent Irish Free State (now the independent Republic of Ireland) which consisted of 26 of Ireland's 32 traditional counties. The remaining six counties in the northeast remained in the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland. It is predominately religion, historical, and political differences that divide the two communities of (nationalism and unionism). Four polls taken between 1989 and 1994 revealed that when asked to state their national identity, over 79% of Northern Irish Protestants replied "British" or "Ulster" with 3% or less replying "Irish", while over 60% of Northern Irish Catholics replied "Irish" with 13% or less replying "British" or "Ulster".[94] A survey in 1999 showed that 72% of Northern Irish Protestants considered themselves "British" and 2% "Irish", with 68% of Northern Irish Catholics considering themselves "Irish" and 9% "British".[95] The survey also revealed that 78% of Protestants and 48% of all respondents felt "Strongly British", while 77% of Catholics and 35% of all respondents felt "Strongly Irish". 51% of Protestants and 33% of all respondents felt "Not at all Irish", while 62% of Catholics and 28% of all respondents felt "Not at all British".[96][97][citation needed] Recent history See also: Demographics of the Republic of Ireland and Demography of Northern Ireland Religions in Ireland Corpus Christi procession in Tipperary in 1963 In the Republic of Ireland, as of 2016, 3.7 million people or about 78.3% of the population are Roman Catholic.[98] In Northern Ireland about 41.6% of the population are Protestant (19.1% Presbyterian, 13.7% Church of Ireland, 3.0% Methodist, 5.8% Other Christian) whilst approximately 40.8% are Catholic as of 2011. The 31st International Eucharistic Congress was held in Dublin in 1932, that year being the supposed 1,500th anniversary of Saint Patrick's arrival. Ireland was then home to 3,171,697 Catholics, about a third of whom attended the Congress.[99][100] It was noted in Time Magazine that the Congress' special theme would be "the Faith of the Irish".[99] The massive crowds were repeated at Pope John Paul II's Mass in Phoenix Park in 1979.[101] The idea of faith has affected the question of Irish identity even in relatively recent times, apparently more so for Catholics and Irish-Americans. Today the majority of Irish people in the Republic of Ireland identify as Catholic, although church attendance have significantly dropped in recent decades. In Northern Ireland, where almost 50% of the population is Protestant, there has also been a decline in attendances. What defines an Irishman? His faith, his place of birth? What of the Irish-Americans? Are they Irish? Who is more Irish, a Catholic Irishman such as James Joyce who is trying to escape from his Catholicism and from his Irishness, or a Protestant Irishman like Oscar Wilde who is eventually becoming Catholic? Who is more Irish... someone like C.S. Lewis, an Ulster Protestant, who is walking towards it, even though he never ultimately crosses the threshold?[102] This has been a matter of concern over the last century for the followers of nationalist ideologists such as DP Moran. Irish identity A St Patrick's Day parade in Dublin Thomas Davis, a prominent Protestant Irish nationalist and founder of the Irish nationalist Young Ireland movement, identified the Irish as a Celtic nation.[103] He estimated that ethnically, 5/6ths of the nation were either of Gaelic Irish-origin, descended from returned Scottish Gaels (including much of the Ulster Scots) and some Celtic Welsh (such as his own ancestors and those carrying surnames such as Walsh and Griffiths).[103] As part of this he was a staunch supporter of the Irish language as the "national language".[103] In regards to the Germanic minority in Ireland (of Norman and Anglo-Saxon origin) he believed that they could be assimilated into Irishness if they had a "willingness to be part of the Irish Nation".[104] Europe The Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the European Community in 1973, and Irish citizens became additionally Citizens of the European Union with the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992. This brought a further question for the future of Irish identity; whether Ireland was "closer to Boston than to Berlin:" History and geography have placed Ireland in a very special location between America and Europe... As Irish people our relationships with the United States and the European Union are complex. Geographically we are closer to Berlin than Boston. Spiritually we are probably a lot closer to Boston than Berlin. – Mary Harney, Tánaiste, 2000[105] Irish diaspora Main article: Irish diaspora See also: Irish American, Irish Argentine, Irish Chilean, Irish Australian, Irish Brazilian, Irish Canadian, Irish Mexicans, Irish people in Jamaica, Irish community in Britain, Scots-Irish American, and Montserrat Bernardo O'Higgins, the father of the homeland of Chile. General The 1st Duke of Tetuan, Grandee of Spain and President of the Council of Ministers of Spain The Irish diaspora consists of Irish emigrants and their descendants in countries such as the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and nations of the Caribbean such as Jamaica and Barbados. These countries all have large minorities of Irish descent, who in addition form the core of the Catholic Church in those countries. Many famous and influential figures have claimed Irish ancestry such as Che Guevara, Walt Disney, Barack Obama, JFK, Muhammad Ali and Maréchal The 1st Duke of Magenta, the second President of the Third Republic. Many Irish people were also transported to the island of Montserrat, to work as indentured servants, exiled prisoners or slaves. Unlike African chattel slaves, the majority of Irish labourers who were sent to Montserrat did so by personal choice.[106] Some were Irish Confederate troops exiled by the English Parliamentarian Oliver Cromwell following the Irish Confederate Wars. The large Irish population attempted a rebellion on 17 March 1768. To this day, the Island celebrates St. Patrick's Day as a public holiday to commemorate the event.[107] People of Irish descent also feature strongly in Latin America, especially in Argentina and important minorities in Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. In 1995, President Mary Robinson reached out to the "70 million people worldwide who can claim Irish descent".[108] Today the diaspora is believed to contain an estimated 80 million people.[109] Maréchal The 1st Duke of Magenta, military commander and, later, President of the French Republic William Brown, Argentine national hero of the War of Independence, considered the father of the Argentine Navy. There are also large Irish communities in some mainland European countries, notably in Spain, France and Germany. Between 1585 and 1818, over half a million Irish departed Ireland to serve in the wars on the Continent, in a constant emigration romantically styled the"Flight of the Wild Geese" and, before that, in the 'Flight of the Earls', just before the Plantation of Ulster.[110] In the early years of the English Civil War, a French traveller remarked that the Irish "are better soldiers abroad than at home".[111] Later, Irish brigades in France and Spain would fight in the Wars of the Spanish and Austrian Succession and the Napoleonic Wars.[110] In the words of Field Marshal The 1st Duke of Wellington, the Irish-born 'Iron Duke', a notable representative of the Irish military diaspora, "Ireland was an inexhaustible nursery for the finest soldiers".[112] The British Legions were units that fought under Simón Bolívar against Spain for the independence of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru. Venezuelans called them the Albion Legion. They were composed of over seven thousand volunteers, mainly Napoleonic War veterans from Great Britain and Ireland. Volunteers in the British Legion were motivated by a combination of both genuine political and mercenary motives.[113] The most famous cause of emigration was the Great Famine of the late 1840s. A million are thought to have emigrated to Liverpool as a result of the famine.[114] For both the Irish in Ireland and those in the resulting diaspora, the famine entered folk memory[115] and became a rallying point for various nationalist movements. John Carroll, first Roman Catholic bishop and archbishop in the United States People of Irish descent are the second largest self-reported ethnic group in the United States, after German Americans. Nine of the signatories of the American Declaration of Independence were of Irish origin.[116] Among them was the sole Catholic signatory, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, whose family were the descendants of Ely O'Carroll, an Irish prince who had suffered under Cromwell.[117] At least twenty-five presidents of the United States have some Irish ancestral origins, including George Washington.[118][119][120][121] Since John F. Kennedy took office in 1961, every American President (with the exception of Gerald Ford and Donald Trump) has had some Irish blood.[122][123][124] An Irish-American, James Hoban, was the designer of the White House. Commodore John Barry, who was born in County Wexford, was the "Father of the United States Navy".[125] John F. Kennedy visiting the John Barry Memorial in Wexford, Ireland In the mid-19th century, large numbers of Irish immigrants were conscripted into Irish regiments of the United States Army at the time of the Mexican–American War. The vast majority of the 4,811 Irish-born soldiers served in the U.S. Army, but some deserted to the Mexican Army, primarily to escape mistreatment by Protestant officers and the strong anti-Catholic discrimination in America.[126] These were the San Patricios, or Saint Patrick's Battalion—a group of Irish led by Galway-born John O'Riley, with some German, Scottish and American Catholics.[126] They fought until their surrender at the decisive Battle of Churubusco, and were executed outside Mexico City by the American government on 13 September 1847.[126] The battalion is commemorated in Mexico each year on 12 September.[127] During the 18th and 19th centuries, 300,000 free emigrants and 45,000 convicts left Ireland to settle in Australia.[128] Today, Australians of Irish descent are one of the largest self-reported ethnic groups in Australia, after English and Australian. In the 2006 Census, 1,803,741 residents identified themselves as having Irish ancestry either alone or in combination with another ancestry.[129] However this figure does not include Australians with an Irish background who chose to nominate themselves as 'Australian' or other ancestries. The Australian embassy in Dublin states that up to thirty percent of the population claim some degree of Irish ancestry.[130] It is believed that as many as 30,000 Irish people emigrated to Argentina between the 1830s and the 1890s.[10] This was encouraged by the clergy, as they considered a Catholic country, Argentina, preferable to a more Protestant United States. This flow of emigrants dropped sharply when assisted passage to Australia was introduced at which point the Argentine government responded with their own scheme and wrote to Irish bishops, seeking their support. However, there was little or no planning for the arrival of a large number of immigrants, no housing, no food.[131] Many died, others made their way to the United States and other destinations, some returned to Ireland, a few remained and prospered. Thomas Croke Archbishop of Cashel, said: "I most solemnly conjure my poorer countrymen, as they value their happiness hereafter, never to set foot on the Argentine Republic however tempted to do so they may be by offers of a passage or an assurance of comfortable homes."[132] Some famous Argentines of Irish descent and Irish people who settled in Argentina include Che Guevara, former president Edelmiro Julián Farrell, and admiral William Brown. There are people of Irish descent all over South America, such as the Chilean liberator Bernardo O'Higgins and the Peruvian photographer Mario Testino. Although some Irish retained their surnames intact, others were assimilated into the Spanish vernacular. The last name O'Brien, for example, became Obregón. People of Irish descent are also one of the largest self-reported ethnic groups in Canada, after English, French and Scottish Canadians. As of 2006, Irish Canadians number around 4,354,155.[8] See also Ethnic groups in Europe List of Americans of Irish descent List of expatriate Irish populations List of Ireland-related topics List of Irish people Tanistry The Ireland Funds Norse–Gaels Hiberno-Normans Anglo Irish Ulster-Scots dialects Ulster-Scots people Irish Travellers Ogham Citations [email address removed by eBay], Scottish Government, St. Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG Tel:0131 556 8400 (29 May 2009). "The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland". www.scotland.gov.uk. Ethnic Irish at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2020) Demography of Northern Ireland American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "U.S. Census Bureau, 2007". Factfinder.census.gov. 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"Newspapers and contemporaries estimated that close to a million souls had converged on the Phoenix Park for the climax of the Congress" The figure 1,250,000 is mentioned on the commemorative stone at the Papal Cross in the Phoenix Park, Dublin; a quarter of the population of the island of Ireland, or a third of the population of Republic of Ireland Pearce, Joseph (March–April 2007). "Editorial: The Celtic Enigma". St. Austin Review. Ave Maria University, Naples, Florida: Sapientia Press. 7 (2): 1. Thomas Davis (28 February 2013). "Our National Language". From-Ireland.net. Retrieved 18 October 2016. Thomas Davis – Dame Street (17 March 2012). "90,000 Photographs By William Murphy – 90,000 Photographs By William Murphy". Dublinstreets.osx128.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014. Aldous, p 185 "The Irish in the Anglo-Caribbean: servants or slaves? - History Ireland". 29 February 2016. Fergus, Howard A (1996). 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London: Quercus Publishing PLC. ISBN 978-1-84724-195-5. Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7. Ellis, Steven G. (1985). Tudor Ireland: Crown, Community, and the Conflict of Cultures, 1470–1603. Great Britain: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-49341-4. Irish Names - origins and meanings at Library Ireland MacManus, Seamus (1921). The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland. Ireland: The Irish Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-517-06408-5. Retrieved 17 March 2013. McLaughlin, Mark G. (1980). The Wild Geese: The Irish Brigades of France and Spain. Christopher Warner, illustrator. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85045-358-4. Nicholls, Kenneth W. (1972). Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland in the Middle Ages. Gill and Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7171-0561-8. Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1890-0. Sykes, Bryan (2006). Blood of the Isles: Exploring the Genetic Roots of Our Tribal History. DNA, Fossil. ISBN 978-0-593-05652-3. Toman, Rolf (2007). The Art of Gothic: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting. photography by Achim Bednorz. Tandem Verlag GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8331-4676-3. Various (2001). Smiley, Jane (ed.). The Sagas of Icelanders. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-100003-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Ireland. 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Keane 1928 2002 Literature 11–40 Roy Keane 1971 Sport 11–40 Ronan Keating 1977 Music 11–40 Seán Lemass 1899 1971 Politics 11–40 Jack Lynch 1917 1999 Politics, sport 11–40 Paul McGrath 1959 Sport 11–40 Christy Moore 1945 Music 11–40 Liam Neeson 1952 Acting 11–40 Daniel O'Connell 1775 1847 Politics 11–40 Daniel O'Donnell 1961 Music 11–40 Brian O'Driscoll 1979 Sport 11–40 Michael O'Leary 1961 Business 11–40 John O'Shea 1944 Charity 11–40 Sonia O'Sullivan 1969 Sport 11–40 Charles Stewart Parnell 1846 1891 Politics 11–40 Christy Ring 1920 1979 Sport 11–40 Theobald Wolfe Tone 1763 1798 Politics 11–40 Louis Walsh 1952 Music manager 11–40 Oscar Wilde 1854 1900 Literature 11–40 William Butler Yeats 1865 1939 Literature

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  • Modified Item: No
  • Collection: coin
  • Denomination: Commerative
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: Ireland
  • Colour: Gold
  • Fineness: Unknown
  • Collections/ Bulk Lots: Ireland Independance Coin
  • Country of Origin: Great Britain
  • Time Period: 2000s

PicClick Insights - Gold Silver Ireland Coin Irish War 1921 II 2021 I St Paddys Day World Green Gift PicClick Exclusive

  • Popularity - 0 watchers, 0.0 new watchers per day, 6 days for sale on eBay. 0 sold, 1 available.

    • Popularity - Gold Silver Ireland Coin Irish War 1921 II 2021 I St Paddys Day World Green Gift

    0 watchers, 0.0 new watchers per day, 6 days for sale on eBay. 0 sold, 1 available.

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Gold Silver Ireland Coin Irish War 1921 II 2021 I St Paddys Day World Green Gift • £5.99 (2024)

FAQs

Are any old Irish coins worth money? ›

Valuable Irish Coins Number 1: 1943 Florin (2 Shilling)

Produced between the years 1939 -1943 at the Royal Mint, Tower Hill Site, London mint. In total 2,259,000 of these coins were minted. Approximately 35 of these coins are known to exist. The 1943 Florin is valued up to $9,200.00.

Learn More ›
What are the valuable 20p coins in Ireland? ›

A rare 1985 Irish 20p coin sold for €7,200 and was the top lot at Whyte's History auction in Dublin last Saturday. Regarded as one of Ireland's rarest coins, it had an estimate of €5,000-€7,000. Whyte's said the coin was a "trial piece" for a new coin scheduled to be minted the following year, 1986.

Read More ›
What do gold coins have to do with St Patrick's Day? ›

According to Irish legend, if you find the leprechaun at the end of a rainbow with a pot of gold, you can have the gold if you catch him. That's why you'll find lots of plastic gold coins, pot-o-gold buckets, and coin-shaped candies around St. Patrick's Day.

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What are the gold coins in shoes for St Patrick's Day? ›

Leprechaun Visits – Many children will put their shoes outside of their bedrooms on St. Patrick's Day eve for the leprechauns to come and “repair”. Often the creatures will leave money, gold candy coins and a sprinkle of green dust in the shoes after their visit!

Get More Info Here ›
What year of coins are worth money? ›

The Details
RANKDESCRIPTIONMINTAGE
11964-D Peace $1, MS316,076
21975 No S Roosevelt Dime, PRNA
31974 Aluminum Lincoln Cent, MS1,570,000
41976 No S Eisenhower Dollar, Type 2, PRNA
85 more rows

See Details ›
What is the most valuable Irish brand? ›

“Guinness' position as the most valuable Irish brand once again is a testament to its rich heritage, iconic status, and unparalleled reputation for quality.

Read More ›
What is the rarest Irish coin? ›

Listed with an estimate of €10,000-€15,000, the collection includes a rare Irish 1943 florin and 1943 half-crowns, along with Irish farthings, half pennies, pennies, three pence, sixpence and shillings. The most valuable coin in this collection is the 1943 florin, followed by the 1943 half-crown.

View Details ›
Where can I sell rare Irish coins? ›

The Old Currency Exchange strives to be Ireland's most helpful coin and banknote dealer, with a website that informs, educates and entertains. Our approach is to hold a diverse inventory that will be of interest to beginners, intermediate and advanced collectors. We also: Buy old Irish coinage and banknotes.

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Where to sell old Irish coins? ›

Cash4Coins specialises in sorting your old Irish coins, evaluating the value and turning your unwanted coins and notes into cash. Many people have containers full of old pre-decimal coins that can no longer be used for purchases.

Show Me More ›
Will the bank give you gold coins? ›

Some banks in the U.S. sell gold bars and coins (as well as silver coins). This can be a good option for investors who prefer the public accountability of a federally regulated institution. However, your options may be limited compared to what you'll find at an online retailer.

Read On ›

What to gift for St Patrick's Day? ›

Ideal Irish Gift Set

Include a bottle of Irish whiskey, a tin of Irish tea, and traditional Irish shortbread cookies. Present this patty's day gift idea in a festive green box adorned with shamrocks, creating an ideal representation of Irish culture and indulgence.

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Should I hold on to gold coins? ›

Gold bullion can help you mitigate inflation, retain investment value during times of financial instability, and diversify your portfolio.

Read The Full Story ›
What is the most bought item on St. Patrick's Day? ›

Unsurprisingly, the top spending category is food and beverages, and most plan to celebrate by wearing green, making a special dinner, decorating the home or office and attending a party at a bar or restaurant. Spending a little more than you planned is common on St. Patrick's Day, especially after a few Guinnesses.

Continue Reading ›
What does leprechauns gold look like? ›

Description. It was a gold-like substance produced by leprechauns that looks and felt authentic as regular coins, that had the unique quality of disappearing after a few hours. Not many wizards and witches seem to have been aware of this fact, as shown with the pure-blood wizard Ronald Weasley.

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What is St. Patrick's secret? ›

Historians generally believe that St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, was born in Britain (not Ireland) near the end of the 4th century. At age 16 he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and sold as a slave to a Celtic priest in the area now known as Northern Ireland.

Read On ›
How do I cash in old Irish coins? ›

Exchange old or damaged Irish coins
  1. IR£ pounds: Old or damaged coins. You can exchange old IR£ coins into euro. ...
  2. Option 1: Via a Retail Bank Branch. ...
  3. Option 2: Registered Post. ...
  4. Option 3: At the Central Bank's Public Office [By appointment]

Find Out More ›
What to do with old Irish coins? ›

You can apply to the Central Bank of Ireland to exchange old or damaged money. Through this service, you can exchange: IR£ pounds: Old or damaged Irish banknotes and coins. € euro: Damaged euro banknotes and coins.

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How much is a 1985 20p Irish coin worth? ›

If you find one of these from 1985, you stand to make at least €10,000 in auction. That's because the coin wasn't officially introduced until 1986, and only a tiny number were produced the year before -- and only to vending machine engineers for recalibration.

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How rare are Celtic coins? ›

Rarity of Ancient British coins based on Celtic Coin Index: RRRR excessively rare 1-5, RRR extremely rare 6-15, RR very rare 16-30, R rare 31-50, S scarce 51-100. Remember, most coin finds are unreported.

Continue Reading ›

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